Clinical impact and cost analysis of the use of either the Xpert MTB Rif test or sputum smear microscopy in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The molecular test Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) has been recommended for use in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB); however, data on the cost of incorporating it under routine conditions in high-burden countries are scarce. The clinical impact and costs incurred in adopting the Xpert test in routine PTB diagnosis was evaluated in a prospective study conducted from November 2012 to November of 2013, in the City of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: The diagnostic and therapeutic cascade for TB treatment was evaluated using Xpert in the first stage (S1), and sputum smear microscopy (SSM) in the second stage (S2). The mean costs associated with each diagnostic test were calculated including equipment, human resources, supplies, and infrastructure. RESULTS: We included 232 subjects with probable TB (S1 = 87; S2 = 145). The sensitivities of Xpert and SSM were 91.7% (22/24) and 79.1% (34/43), respectively. The median time between triage and TB treatment initiation in S1 (n = 24) was 14.5 days (IQR 8-28.0) and in S2 (n = 43) it was 8 days [interquartile range (IQR) 6-12.0]. The estimated mean costs per examination in S1 and S2 were US$24.61 and US$6.98, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with SSM, Xpert test showed a greater sensitivity, but it also had a time delay with respect to treatment initiation and a higher mean cost per examination.

Systematic Review of Health Economic Evaluations of Diagnostic Tests in Brazil: How accurate are the results?

The aim of this study is to identify and characterize the health economic evaluations (HEEs) of diagnostic tests conducted in Brazil, in terms of their adherence to international guidelines for reporting economic studies and specific questions in test accuracy reports. We systematically searched multiple databases, selecting partial and full HEEs of diagnostic tests, published between 1980 and 2013. Two independent reviewers screened articles for relevance and extracted the data. We performed a qualitative narrative synthesis. Forty-three articles were reviewed. The most frequently studied diagnostic tests were laboratory tests (37.2%) and imaging tests (32.6%). Most were non-invasive tests (51.2%) and were performed in the adult population (48.8%). The intended purposes of the technologies evaluated were mostly diagnostic (69.8%), but diagnosis and treatment and screening, diagnosis, and treatment accounted for 25.6% and 4.7%, respectively. Of the reviewed studies, 12.5% described the methods used to estimate the quantities of resources, 33.3% reported the discount rate applied, and 29.2% listed the type of sensitivity analysis performed. Among the 12 cost-effectiveness analyses, only two studies (17%) referred to the application of formal methods to check the quality of the accuracy studies that provided support for the economic model. The existing Brazilian literature on the HEEs of diagnostic tests exhibited reasonably good performance. However, the following points still require improvement: 1) the methods used to estimate resource quantities and unit costs, 2) the discount rate, 3) descriptions of sensitivity analysis methods, 4) reporting of conflicts of interest, 5) evaluations of the quality of the accuracy studies considered in the cost-effectiveness models, and 6) the incorporation of accuracy measures into sensitivity analyses.

Study of implementation and direct cost estimates for diagnostic tests for human visceral leishmaniasis in an urban area in Brazil / Estudo da implantação e estimativas de custo direto de testes diagnósticos para leishmaniose visceral humana em uma área urbana no Brasil / Estudio de la implementación y el costo directo estimado de pruebas de diagnóstico de la leishmaniasis visceral humana en una zona urbana en Brasil

Abstract This work reports the process and costs of comprehensively implementing two tests to decentralize the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in an endemic city in Brazil: a rapid test (IT LEISH) and a direct agglutination test (DAT-LPC). The implementation began by training health professionals to perform the tests. Estimation of the training costs considered the proportional remuneration of all professionals involved and the direct costs of the tests used for training. The study was conducted between November 2011 and November 2013. During that time, 17 training sessions were held, and 175 professionals were trained. The training cost for each professional was US$ 7.13 for the IT LEISH and US$ 9.93 for the DAT-LPC. The direct costs of the IT LEISH and DAT-LPC were estimated to be US$ 6.62 and US$ 5.44, respectively. This first evaluation of the implementation of these diagnostic tests indicates the feasibility of decentralizing both methods to extend access to VL diagnosis in Brazil.

Resumo Este trabalho relata o processo e os custos da implantação de dois testes para descentralizar o diagnóstico da leishmaniose visceral (LV) em um município endêmico no Brasil: um teste rápido (IT LEISH) e um teste de aglutinação direta (DAT-LPC). A implantação iniciou com o treinamento dos profissionais de saúde do município na realização dos testes diagnósticos. Os itens incluídos nas estimativas de custo das capacitações foram a remuneração proporcional de todos os profissionais envolvidos e os custos diretos dos testes usados. O estudo foi conduzido entre novembro de 2011 e novembro de 2013. Durante esse período, 17 capacitações foram realizadas e 175 profissionais treinados. O custo relacionado a cada profissional de saúde capacitado na realização do IT LEISH foi de US$ 7,13 e na realização do DAT-LPC, de US$ 9,93. O custo direto do IT LEISH e do DAT-LPC foi estimado em US$ 6,62 e US$ 5,44, respectivamente. Esta primeira avaliação da implantação desses dois testes aponta para a viabilidade da descentralização de ambos os métodos, que aumentam o acesso ao diagnóstico da LV no Brasil.

Resumen Este trabajo relata la puesta en funcionamiento y los costos de pruebas de diagnóstico de VL en un municipio endémico en Brasil: el test rápido (IT LEISH) y la prueba de aglutinación directa (DAT-LPC). Esta puesta en marcha comenzó por capacitar al personal sanitario del municipio para la realización de las pruebas. Para estimar los costos de la capacitación, se consideró la remuneración proporcional de todo el personal involucrado y los costos directos derivados de la aplicación de las pruebas. El estudio fue realizado entre noviembre de 2011 y noviembre de 2013. En ese periodo se realizaron 17 capacitaciones y se formaron 175 profesionales. Se calcula que el costo derivado de capacitar cada profesional para realizar el IT LEISH fue de 7.13 US$ y 9.93 US$ para el DAT-LPC. Los costos directos del IT LEISH y del DAT-LPC se estimaron en 6,62 US$ y 5,44 US$ respectivamente. La primera evaluación de la puesta en funcionamiento de las dos pruebas en este municipio señala que es viable descentralizar su realización, lo que amplía el acceso al diagnóstico de la VL en Brasil.

Frecuencia y pertinencia del perfil lipídico como examen inicial en vértigo periférico / Lipid profile frequency and relevancy as an initial test for peripheral vertigo

Objetivos Determinar la prevalencia de la solicitud del perfil lipídico como ayuda diagnóstica de primera línea en pacientes con impresión clínica de vértigo periférico, así como un análisis de la relación costo-beneficio de dicha solicitud. Métodos Estudio de tipo corte transversal retrospectivo. Revisión de 201 historias de pacientes atendidos en la consulta externa tanto de especialistas como de médicos generales de la Clínica Universitaria Teletón y Casa chía, con diagnóstico de vértigo periférico, en el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2005 y julio de 2008. Resultados Las edades de los pacientes oscilaron entre 6 y 87 años, el 36 % de sexo masculino y el 64 % femenino. El perfil lipídico fue solicitado como prueba diagnóstica inicial para el manejo de vértigo a un 76 % de los pacientes. Los perfiles lipídicos hallados fueron normales en el 80 % de los pacientes a quienes se les solicitó. Se presenta el análisis de la relación costo-beneficio de esta prueba. Conclusiones Existe una alta prevalencia de solicitud de perfil lipídico como estudio de primera línea en el abordaje de pacientes con vértigo periférico, aunque no existe evidencia que avale esta solicitud, se requiere retroalimentación al cuerpo médico tanto de atención primaria como especialistas.

Objective Determining the prevalence of requesting lipid profile as a first-line diagnostic method in patients having a clinical impression of peripheral vertigo and also determining such request's cost- benefit ratio. Methods This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of 201 clinical charts regarding patients diagnosed as having peripheral vertigo at the Teletón teaching hospital's outpatient services in Chía between January 2005 and July 2008. Clinical charts drawn up by both general practitioners and medical specialists at first-time visit were compiled and analyzed Results The patients were aged 6 to 87 years old; 36 % were males and 64 % females. Lipid profile was requested for 76 % of the patients as initial diagnostic method; it was found that 80 % of the results revealed no abnormality. Conclusion Although a high prevalence regarding a request for lipid profile first-line study was found for patients having peripheral vertigo, there was no scientific evidence supporting such requirement. Ordering this kind of study not only increases unnecessary costs concerning diagnostic methods but also involves unjustified treatment. Feedback is needed for both doctors and first attention staff to ensure that this type of practice becomes changed.

Utilidad y costo-efectividad de los exámenes preoperatorios en cirugía otorrinolaringológica / Usefulness and cost-efectiveness of preoperative test in otolaryngological surgery

Introducción: La práctica de realizar exámenes preoperatorios, aunque muy difundida, carece de utilidad demostrada o de argumentos científicos que la sustenten. Más aún sus costos, pueden ser muy elevados. Objetivo: Determinar la utilidad y costo-efectividad de los exámenes preoperatorios en otorrinolaringología. Metodología: Estudio retrospectivo de una muestra de 160 fichas clínicas de pacientes ASA I (2 a 40 años, sanos) operados en el Hospital San Juan de Dios en el año 2006. Resultados: Ningún examen preoperatorio permitió prever una complicación perioperatoria. Dentro de los pacientes con exámenes normales se registraron 4 complicaciones. Se necesitaron 70 exámenes (con un costo de $703.500 pesos chilenos o USD $1,256) para detectar una patología. La detección de anormalidades, obligó al mayor uso de recursos mediante intervención clínica (repetición de exámenes o interconsultas), se asoció a un aumento del número de consultas médicas realizadas (4,4 vs 2,53 p =0,0002) y un aumento de los días de hospitalización (2,5 vs 1,77 p =0,025), sin reportar ningún beneficio. Cuarenta a cincuenta por ciento de las solicitudes de nasofaringolaringoscopías, audiometrías e impedanciometrías no mostraron justificación clínica. Se repitieron 20,1 por ciento de los exámenes preoperatorios, principalmente debido a su caducidad (45,1 por ciento). El costo oportunidad asociado a exámenes preoperatorios fue en promedio $28.608 por paciente, lo que anualmente equivale (como referente) al 27 por ciento> del costo de todas las amigdalectomías realizadas en este centro cada año. Discusión: El uso rutinario de exámenes preoperatorios parece ser una práctica costosa y sin utilidad.

Introduction: Although most surgeons order pre-operative laboratory tests, this practice is not based upon any evidence. Furthermore, they impose a potentially important monetary cost on the patient. Aim: To determine the usefulness and cost-effectiveness of preoperative tests in otolaryngology. Material and method: Retrospective study. A sample of 160 medical records of ASA I patients (2 to 40 years of age, without other known pathologies) that underwent surgery at the San Juan de Dios Hospital during 2006 was reviewed. Results: None of the tests ordered predicted any of the perisurgical complications found. Among patients with normal results, 4 had complications. It took 70 tests (at a cost of $ 703,500 Chilean pesos or U$D 1256) to detect a relevant pathology. Detection of abnormalities in test results forced significant more clinical interventions, and was associated with an increased number of medical consults (4.4 vs 2.53 p = 0.0002) and a prolonged hospital stay (2.5 vs 1.77 p = 0025). 20.1 percent of the test were repeated tests, mainly because they had passed the valid date(45.1 percent). The opportunity-cost associated with preoperative examinations averaged $ 28,608 per patient, which (as a reference) is equivalent annually to 27 percent of the cost of all tonsillectomies performed at this center each year. Conclusion: Routine pre-operative testing seems to be an expensive and useless practice.

Relación costo-efectividad del uso de pruebas rápidas para el diagnóstico de la malaria en la Amazonia peruana / Cost-effectiveness ratio of using rapid tests for malaria diagnosis in the Peruvian Amazon

OBJETIVO: Estimar la relación costo-efectividad de tres estrategias de diagnóstico de la malaria basadas en promotores locales de salud en 50 comunidades periféricas de la Amazonia peruana. MÉTODOS: Se evaluó la relación costo-efectividad de tres estrategias de diagnóstico de malaria en pacientes con fiebre de 50 comunidades periféricas de Iquitos, en la Amazonia peruana, que tienen acceso limitado al diagnóstico microscópico y cuentan con una red de promotores locales de salud: sin uso de pruebas rápidas, con uso de pruebas rápidas y con disponibilidad del diagnóstico microscópico. Se compararon y se estimaron los costos y efectos incrementales de las dos últimas estrategias con respecto a la primera (utilizada en la actualidad). La división de los costos incrementales entre los efectos incrementales permitió estimar la razón costo-efectividad incremental. RESULTADOS: El uso de pruebas rápidas ahorraría al Ministerio de Salud del Perú (MSP) US$ 190,81 por caso adicional de malaria por Plasmodium falciparum tratado oportuna y apropiadamente, US$ 31,44 por caso adicional de malaria por P. vivax tratado oportuna y apropiadamente, US$ 1 050,61 por caso de malaria grave evitado y US$ 17 655,20 por cada muerte evitada. Disponer del diagnóstico por microscopía en todas las comunidades generaría al MSP un gasto suplementario de US$ 197,63 por caso adicional de malaria por P. falciparum tratado oportuna y apropiadamente, US$ 31,44 por caso adicional de malaria por P. vivax tratado oportuna y apropiadamente, US$ 1 085,80 por caso de malaria grave evitado y US$ 18 255,46 por cada muerte evitada. CONCLUSIONES: La aplicación de pruebas rápidas de diagnóstico por los promotores locales de salud puede mejorar la efectividad del diagnóstico de la malaria en pacientes con fiebre en las 50 comunidades estudiadas con un costo menor que la estrategia utilizada actualmente. Se recomienda extender el uso de pruebas rápidas por los promotores de salud a otras ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the cost-effectiveness ratios of three options for diagnosing malaria at the local health provider in 50 communities near the Peruvian Amazon. METHODS: Calculation of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of three options for diagnosing malaria-not using rapid tests, using rapid tests, and accessing microscopy-in patients presenting with fever in 50 communities near Iquitos in the Peruvian Amazon, communities with limited access to microscopy that depend on a network of local health providers. The incremental costs and effects of the two latter options were calculated and compared with the first option (currently in use). By dividing the incremental costs among the incremental effects, the incremental costeffectiveness ratio was calculated. RESULTS: Using rapid tests would save the Ministry of Health of Peru: US$ 191 for each new case of Plasmodium falciparum malaria treated promptly and appropriately; US$ 31 per new case of P. vivax malaria treated promptly and appropriately;US$ 1 051 per case of acute malaria averted; and US$ 17 655 for each death avoided. Access to microscopy by all the communities would generate an additional cost of: US$ 198 per new case of P. falciparum malaria treated promptly and appropriately; US$ 31 per new case of P. vivax malaria treated promptly and appropriately; US$ 1 086 per case of acute malaria averted; and US$ 18 255 for each death avoided. CONCLUSIONS: The use of rapid tests by local health providers can improve the effectiveness of malaria diagnosis in patients with fever in the 50 communities studied, at a cost lower than the current method. The recommendation is to expand the use of rapid tests among the health providers in communities similar to those studied.

Sistema de residencias y relación costo/beneficio con respecto a otros sistemas de atención médica / Residence system and cost/benefit related to other medical assistance systems

Ante el planteo del problema de si la residencia es un adecuado sistema de asistencia, y frente al desconocimiento de la relación costo/beneficio en la atención médica por residentes, y con el objetivo de comparar un grupo de variables (número de diagnósticos, uso de exámenes de laboratorio, mortalidad global y días de estadía) entre pacientes asistidos por la Residencia (1990-1991) y por la Planta (1986-1987), se estudiaron retrospectivamente 609 pacientes, en quienes se registraron sexo, edad, diagnósticos efectuados, días de estadía, uso de métodos complementarios y condiciones de alta. Los resultados arrojaron una estadía por paciente más corta, un mayor número de diagnósticos, mayor índice de sobrevida y menor índice de mortalidad en pacientes asistidos por la Residencia, con un mayor costo en el uso de métodos de laboratorio

A study of unit cost of routine investigations in Srinagarind Hospital.

We have used the step up allocation accounting method to determine the actual costs of complete blood count, urinalysis, chest radiograph and electrocardiogram. We found that the actual costs were quite different from the price set up by the hospital. The actual cost were much higher than the price for the complete blood count and urinalysis and much lower for the chest radiographs and especially for electrocardiogram. We propose that in performing economic analysis involving all these investigations, the actual cost should be used instead of the price.

Localization of parathyroid lesions: blind study for surgeons

Success in the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism rest in the accurate localization and removal of the diseased gland or glands. Computerized tomography and nuclear imaging scans are being used to localize abnormal parathyroid tissue. In the present study, fifteen consecutive patients undergoing surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism were all subjected to these ancillary studies. Results were not revealed to the operating team. In all instances an adenoma was localized during neck exploration. CT Scan failed to localize 73% of the affected glands. Nuclear scans missed almost fifty percent of the parathyroid adenomas. The low yield of these ancillary localizing tests makes them unnecessary in the routine evaluation of patients undergoing surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism